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Post by Ms. McDermott on Oct 9, 2013 14:02:14 GMT
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Post by David Loughran on Oct 10, 2013 17:51:49 GMT
Antibiotic resistance is a form of drug resistance whereby some bacterial/microbial species are able to survive after exposure to one or more antibiotics. TB is beginning to multiply in an unhealthy body and attack the lungs. All that needs to happen is the affected person coughing or even breathing, and from that they expel contagious droplets that stay in the air for hours which another victim needs only to inhale to be affected. TB is gaining resistance to antibiotics, and is able to now withstand the drugs. This is called Multi Drug Resistance. We have helped but also hurt the situation. We have helped because through technology, we can look at the bacteria’s DNA with a barcode pattern, which helps us to differentiate different microbes. We are not helping the situation by overusing and misusing antibiotics, and because of this we have accelerated the evolution of Multi Drug Resistance in bacteria and microbes. This is essentially an evolution arms race, as the more drugs we launch at microbes, the more resistance they evolve.
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Post by Jason Meisner on Oct 10, 2013 23:53:08 GMT
Antibiotic resistance is a specific for of drug resistance in which a microorganism, commonly bacteria, are able to withstand being exposed to some sort of antibiotic. Tuberculosis is starting to rapidly spread throughout peoples bodies, and causing many issues to peoples lungs. Tuberculosis is rapidly spreading throughout the human race as a result of its highly contagious bacteria. TB can be obtained by inhaling the bacteria in the air where a person with TB coughs or even speaks. The bacteria that is being expelled from the person with TB can linger in the air for Many hours. In our efforts to stop the spreading of TB, we have not only helped the situation, but also made it worse. As a result of the various antibiotics that have been discovered over time, the bacteria that causes TB is slowly gaining resistance to them, which is making it more difficult for people to gain there health back once they are infected. Although we have sped up the process of evolution for bacteria, we have also helped the situation. One way that we have particularly helped the situation is by using technology to help us distinguish particular microbes, enabling us to create medicines that will help certain people with the various types of TB. Evolution arms races are essentially situations in which co-evolving genes develop adaptions against each other. The situation that we have created with TB is essentially just a big Evolution Arms Race.
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Post by Luna An on Oct 11, 2013 1:15:59 GMT
Antibiotic Resistance is when a certain type of bacteria or microbe develops the ability to not be affected by antibiotics. At first, TB was treatable using antibiotics, but when people did not finish their treatment and still had the bacteria in them, they more antibiotic-resistant bacteria reproduced, passing on the resistant genes. Now, the TB bacteria in the original infected person's body has now become untreatable with the original drugs because it has evolved to become resistant. We have worsened the situation by the development of transportation methods. Because TB can be spread by just coughing or breathing, it is extremely easy for it to spread to many people and places. With traveling much more easy, it can be spread to more places than before. Also, with the widespread use of unnecessary antibiotics, people are developing a resistance to it. Evolutionary arms race is when two species are developing adaptations against each other, and the TB disease with humans is an example of it.
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Post by Conor Donoohue on Oct 11, 2013 1:34:04 GMT
Antibiotic resistance is the persistence of a microorganism, most commonly a pathogen, that has evolved and has become impervious to current known antibiotics. Through the process of the Bottleneck Effect, the antibiotics decimate most of the target species, but there are some that remain. It is these remnants that are evolved version of the pathogen that are impervious to the antibiotic. When these remnants reproduce, it becomes impossible to fight with current antibiotics. This is exactly what is happening with tuberculosis ; antibiotics wipe out the defenseless weaklings of the disease, but the invincible brawn remain. Only time well be the catalyst to when TB arises from its dormant state, and this time, it cannot be trifled with. To make things worse, TB is highly contagious; one can catch TB from simply inhaling another's exhale. And when international transportation is added into the mix, the plot thickens-- a global pandemic is truly at large. One way that TB is being monitored is through DNA analysis. Scientists are able to determine what specific gene of the newly evolved pathogen is causing its defense against antibiotics by printing out its unique genetic bar code. Scientists are then able to compare this bar code with others and determine the whereabouts of the pathogen; basically DNA analysis enables antibiotic resistant pathogens to be trafficked. Despite the overwhelming spread of TB, there may be a way to live the disease with only minor, if not any, symptoms. This can be done by restricting the available methods of contagion to the disease. It is known that water-born pathogens are of the worst sort of disease, where it is likely highly toxic and very harmful resulting from optimal living conditions. If it is possible to limit the spread of pathogens only by means of air routes (sneezing, coughing), it is likely that the effects of the disease will not have developed into a particularly harmful one.
The theme of this discussion has been the Evolutionary Arms Race, but to summarize in one sentence rather than a whole paragraph: it is the competition between two species as a result of coevolution, where constant changes in circumstances often aid one side over the other. 
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Post by amber shi on Oct 11, 2013 1:56:45 GMT
Antibiotic resistance is a specific phenomenon in the use of drugs when a microorganism(normally bacteria)is resistant to the exposure of antibiotics.The TB bacteria was immune to the original treatment because of the large-scale use of the antibiotics in human bodies.Once the TB patient stopped taking the medicine, the surviving bacteria which weren't killed by the antibiotics at the beginning reproduced and passed the strengthened genes to the next generation. Therefore, the evolved bacteria which were incurable by the original antibiotics reproduced into a large population and dominated the body again. The situation was even worsened by the fact that the TB bacteria were infectious and could be inhaled by people easily. We accelerated the evolution process of TB bacteria by putting a large-scale of antibiotics into use. The more antibiotics we use, the more resistance they become. Moreover,the spread of TB bacteria was also accelerated by the development of transportation, because the bacteria can be carried world-widely now.However, we also helped the situation by domesticating some bacteria to the harmless type to human beings. Evolutionary arms races happens when two species race against each other by developing the fittest adaptions to the environment.
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Post by Pino Henry on Oct 11, 2013 3:02:03 GMT
Antibiotic resistance is when a bacteria or microorganism evolves to the point where it is resistant to one or more antibiotics. TB is a big problem in Russia because prisoners stop treatment after they are released, leaving the most resistant bacteria untreated. When these bacteria multiply, the prisoner will have a form of TB that is antibiotic resistant. He then spreads this antibiotic resistant TB to the public by breathing or coughing on the street or in buses causing many people to get infected with this form of TB that is immune to the antibiotics available to them. We have worsened the situation greatly by over using and over producing antibiotics we don't need to survive. This is fast tracking the evolution of these viruses to the point they are untreatable. Technology is helping us stop it by giving us the ability to locate and track the disease so we can stop it from spreading. The evolution race of arms is the competition between us and these viruses. We must make newer and stronger antibiotics or find ways to use evolution to benefit us faster than the viruses evolve and becoming less resistant to or cures.
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Post by Arnob Dam on Oct 11, 2013 3:08:22 GMT
Antibiotic Resistance is the ability that a microorganism evolves to obtain in which it gains some type of resistance to antibiotics that were once exhibited and used to fight that microorganism, in this case the bacteria for TB. What happened with TB is antibiotics were developed to destroy the bacteria, but a fraction of the TB bacteria were not wiped out with the first set of antibiotics, and the remaining TB bacteria evolved to gain resistance to the first set of antibiotics. Then the upgraded TB bacteria multiplied and new, stronger antibiotics were developed, but once again a fraction of the TB bacteria survived and upgraded its resistance again by evolving. This cycle happened many times while TB spread around the world. We have helped things by developing antibiotics because some TB victims were cured, but in the longer run of things, we also strengthened the bacteria and it is getting much stronger, which is harming victims more, and getting exponentially harder to develop new antibiotics, but the more advanced technology used today for developing medicine and analyzing the bacteria is helping significantly. The evolution arms race is when to co-evolving species constantly develop adaptions against each other, which might seem never ending (because both species are constantly evolving) until one species might kill the other species off, which is exactly what's happening between humans and the TB bacteria.
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Post by Jesse Zhou on Oct 11, 2013 3:26:26 GMT
Antibiotic resistance is when a certain bacteria has evolved to the point where the microorganism has essentially become immune to the antibiotics that was used in the past to kill them. The person infected with TB was treated with antibiotics, but did not finish his treatment. Because the treatment was not finished, not all of the bacteria was eradicated, allowing the remaining ones to reproduce. This second generation was resistant to the previous antibiotic due to the fact that the first generation had already been exposed to it and could mutate to become immune to it. TB is also extremely contagious; a single tainted cough or breath could infect a massive population is a very short time. Especially in a confined environment, such as the crowded prison the inmate lived in, the bacteria could be spread extremely quickly. The advancement of technology is both helping and hurting the fight against TB. Antibiotics are being created to help combat the microorganism, but a the same time, there is little difference in the antibiotics being used on the large population of humans, so the entire bacteria population is able to evolve quickly to become resistant to the antibiotic at once. With the exponential developments in transportation, the bacteria is able to get from place to place at a much faster rate, allowing it to infect more and more people. However, with advancements in DNA sequencing, scientists are able to create treatments that would target specific genes within the bacteria. The humans' struggle against TB is a perfect example of an evolutionary arms race, where two species are trying to become superior genetically, with humans trying to develop new antibiotics, and with TB mutating and evolving to become resistant to the antibiotic.
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Post by Ally Huelbig on Oct 11, 2013 4:16:39 GMT
Antibiotic resistance is the occurrence of a microorganism or pathogen evolves to become impervious to a drug or antibiotic. This occurs when a treatment is not completed or does not affect the most resistant genes of the organism. These resistant genes reproduce, making up the microorganism. The evolved microorganism is now resistant to the drug used before. TB is an excellent example of an antibiotic resistant bacterium. In past years, TB was treated with a drug that killed most of the bacteria, but left the most resistant behind. These antibiotic resistant bacteria then went onto reproduce, passing its genes onto the next generation. The drugs once used to cure TB cannot be used anymore since it has evolved. To be infected, one only needs to inhale TB bacteria. As we move into a more technologically advanced age, we change our outlooks on these bacteria. Travel has helped spread viruses and sickness across the world where once the virus had no chance in reaching. Also, misuse or overuse of drugs can negatively affect our species, negatively affecting our immune systems and making our bodies susceptible to infection and creating more drug resistant microbes. However with technology we can also get a better look at these microorganisms and see their biological makeup. We can see how it spreads based on DNA taken and tested and test new antibiotics when before we could not. The evolution of the arms race is when two species are competing against one another, battling to overcome the other, as is the case with TB and humans.
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Post by Joe Werthan on Oct 11, 2013 12:40:26 GMT
Antibiotic Resistance is when even though most of the microbes in someone are gone, a few are left over with resistance to drugs. These microbes then reproduce and their offspring have the same resistance. A new bacteria is formed now and it is not treatable with much resistance. What is happening with TB is bad. It can stay in a person for weeks before they know it. TB is spread through speaking and coughing, and the next victim only needs to inhale one breath to be infected with TB. TB also spreads rapidly in part because when prisoners who have TB get out, they are in public and it is very common for TB to spread. We have worsened the problem by misuse and overuse of antibiotics. More than half of the drug prescriptions in the US are unnecessary or inappropriate. Multi-Drug resistance is a man made problem because there are antibiotics everywhere. We accelerate the evolutionary arms race that has no end. The more drugs we have, the more resistance there is. We have helped also, but not in major ways yet. We have created a limited supply of second line drugs and have tried to clean up water supply's in places where it is poor. Nonetheless, multi drug resistance and the evolutionary arms race is a very big problem.
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